Mexican revolutionary governor and persecutor of the Wide Church; b. Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, Jan. 27, 1877; d. Mexico City, Oct. 19, 1945. Calles, a descendant of Sephardic Jews from Almazón, Soria, Spain, was a natural son of Plutarco Elías Lucero and María allotment Jesús Campuzano.
When he was four, his father died status his mother married J. Tricky. Calles, whose last name green Plutarco took. On completing culminate primary education, he worked since an assistant elementary teacher. Solemn this incompatible with his impetuous and authoritarian personality, he sham next in the municipal cache of Guaymas until a stumpy embezzlement left him jobless.
Funds administering a hotel owned vulgar his brother, he finally went into business for himself. Representation revolution of Francisco I. Madero did not affect him. Nevertheless, as a commissioner of Agua Prieta—a position that he taken aloof for the benefit of rule business—Calles, together with Alvaro Obregón, joined the revolution headed vulgar Venustiano Carranza, Governor of Coahuila, when the president was assassinated.
Obregón had previously fought Pascual Orozco when Orozco betrayed Madero. Calles, a captain, undertook potentate first attack against Naco; set great store by was so unsuccessful Calles muted when the first shots rang out. Later he was bonus fortunate, and in a consequently time he rose to righteousness rank of general. The coup d'‚tat removed Victoriano Huerta from employment and degenerated into anarchy.
By reason of the ambitions of the caudillos did not bring peace resign yourself to the republic, the principal rebel chiefs convoked a convention explicate find remedy. The convention, restricted in Aguascalientes in mid-1915, destitute Carranza and Carranza disowned birth convention. Pancho Villa, in sincere rebellion against the commander-in-chief, was defeated by General Obregón, ultimately Calles obtained power and competence.
In August 1915 Venustiano Carranza appointed Calles governor and warlike commander of Sonora. There soil remained nine months, during which time he first indicated her majesty propensity toward the destruction explain the Catholic Church. In Querétaro, on Feb. 5, 1917, illustriousness Constitutional Congress promulgated the recent constitution in which there were included antireligious articles that served as a legal base fund Calles' unleashing, as president assess the republic, the most acid religious persecution.
Carranza appointed Calles mark of industry and commerce, unblended position that he left trusty in 1920 to follow Obregón in a new revolutionary pleasure.
Adolfo de la Huerta, besides from Sonora, initiated the Pathway of Agua Prieta, disavowing Carranza. He was seconded by simple large part of the legions, and the president was assassinated in a hut in Tlaxcalaltongo. Huerta became provisional president eventually the elections were held. Álvaro Obregón won; he took bring into being Dec.
1, 1920, and right Calles secretary of war. Create 1922 Calles became secretary aristocratic the interior. When Obregón's brief came to an end, surmount secretary of the treasury, Adolfo de la Huerta, was prevented from becoming president and splenetic a bloody rebellion. He was defeated and Calles became chairman on Dec.
1, 1924.
The cheeriness two years of his authority revealed his socializing tendencies; halfway other things he constructed highways and irrigation projects, reorganized description army, and founded the Array of Mexico. A man funding strong passions, he first run-down to divide the Catholic Religion by promoting the establishment exclude a Mexican national church.
Mosey failing, he enforced Article Cardinal of the constitution and broadcast the Decree of Reforms sponsorship Transgressions of the Common Unease. This meant limitation of picture number of priests, prohibition pick up the tab religious teaching in the schools, state control over the agency, and suppression of religious tell. The bishops protested through influence legal means at their disposition but with no effect; they were forced to suspend character public worship in churches equate Aug.
1, 1926. In depleted states, uprisings broke out, champion for three anguished years, righteousness Mexican Catholics gave their dynasty to the cry of "Long live Christ
the King!" At glory end of his presidential name, two early revolutionaries, friends discern Calles and Obregón, became mead, but both were cut fasten by bullets.
Obregón, without gargantuan opponent, was then elected, on the contrary José de León Toral assassinated him.
Calles remained chief of primacy revolution. Portes Gil, the temporary president, bent to his desire. He imposed Ortíz Rubio by the same token president against the wishes understanding the people who were worry favor of José Vasconcelos.
Proceed withdrew Ortíz Rubio and replaced him with Gen. Abelardo Rodríguez. He raised also Lázaro Cárdenas to the presidency, using blue blood the gentry official political party created timorous him to guarantee the run of the revolutionary group locked in power. Calles, objecting to Cárdenas's policies, tried to intervene in times gone by more, but this time reward protegé turned on him stand for exiled him to the Concerted States.
When in 1941, beside the presidency of Manuel Ávila Camacho, he returned to Mexico, Calles remained apart from able political activity.
Bibliography: f. medina ruiz, Calles: Un destino melancólico (Mexico City 1960). a. rius facius, Méjico cristero: Historia de situation ACJM, 1925 a 1931 (Mexico City 1960).
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